资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
按照“乙类乙管”要求救治病人****** 国务院联防联控机制1月9日就第十版诊疗方案有关情况举行发布会,国家卫健委医疗应急司司长郭燕红表示,诊疗方案是指导临床医务人员对新冠病毒感染者进行诊断治疗的专业性和技术性规范,确保临床治疗的同质化水平,保证诊疗效果。第十版诊疗方案的核心理念就是对新冠病毒感染按照常规“乙类乙管”的传染病管理方式进行病人管理和救治。 临床救治强化关口前移 第十版诊疗方案颁布实施以后,引起了社会广泛关注。对此,郭燕红介绍,第十版诊疗方案主要对以下内容进行了调整:一是在收治措施方面,不再要求病例进行集中隔离治疗。新冠病毒感染者可以根据病情需要,选择居家治疗或者到医疗机构就诊,各级各类医疗机构都可以接诊新冠病毒感染的患者。二是在出院标准方面,不再要求对核酸进行检测。临床医生可以根据患者的疾病诊治要求,特别是基础病情况和临床症状等,对其进行综合研判后决定是否出院。 “在临床救治方面,一是强化关口前移,对于轻症病例也要早期介入,特别是对一些高龄、合并基础性疾病的患者,更要加强关口前移措施的应用。二是进一步规范重症患者的诊疗,完善了相关预警指标。三是坚持中西医结合。四是强化了新冠病毒感染与基础性疾病共治的理念。”郭燕红介绍,在诊断标准上,将新冠病毒的抗原检测阳性纳入诊断标准,主要考虑是抗原检测对病毒载量高的感染者有非常好的检测灵敏度。同时,抗原检测非常方便,简单易行,方便感染者在家里进行自测。 郭燕红特别提醒,从感染者的角度,即便不做核酸,出院以后也要注意做好个人防护,居家观察,以不参加社会面活动为妥。 进一步优化“临床分型” 第十版诊疗方案中取消了普通型,增加了中型,为何做出这样的改变?郭燕红指出,从疾病的临床表现来看,普通型一般是代表了疾病最常见、典型的表现。目前流行的奥密克戎变异株,病毒的致病力逐渐减弱,而且疾病的临床特点也发生了比较明显的变化。大多数感染者是上呼吸道感染,发生肺炎的比例大幅度降低。因此取消了普通型,增加了中型。 她介绍,中型的定义是持续高热大于3天,在静息状态下吸空气的指氧饱和度要大于93%,影像学可见特征性的新冠病毒感染肺炎表现,但是它比重型,也就是氧饱和度小于93%的程度要轻。 第十版诊疗方案规定,根据感染者病情的严重程度,分为轻型、中型、重型和危重型。“这样更加符合临床实际,有利于医务人员对患者的病情进行综合研判,并给予综合的治疗措施。”郭燕红表示。 那么,对新冠病毒治疗的重症病例如何分类呢?北京大学第一医院感染疾病科主任王贵强介绍,第十版诊疗方案明确,将新冠病毒感染的重症病例定义为由新冠病毒感染导致的肺炎为主要表现的重症病例;基础病加重、诱发基础病等,作为基础病或其他疾病导致的重症病例。 王贵强表示,针对新冠病毒感染肺炎导致的重症,强调呼吸支持,包括早期的氧疗、俯卧位、气道管理等。同时,重视非呼吸衰竭导致的重症病例,包括基础病的综合救治。 中医治疗对重型、危重型增加随症用药方法 “对新冠病毒感染实施‘乙类乙管’后,中医治疗部分也按照这个要求进行了调整。”国家中医药管理局医政司司长贾忠武指出,一是保持了延续性。当前新冠病毒感染的中医的核心病机并没有发生变化,仍属于中医“疫”病,因此保留了九版方案经过临床检验行之有效的主要内容。二是体现了针对性。当前新冠病毒感染患者多数表现为上呼吸道感染,部分患者有肺部感染的症状,一些恢复期的患者有咳嗽症状比较明显的特点,对此,方案分别增加了“疫毒束表证”“阳气虚衰,疫毒侵肺证”“寒饮郁肺证”内容,以更好地满足临床救治的需求。三是增强了实用性。重型、危重型部分增加了随症用药方法,这在九版方案中是没有的,总结出多种临床常见的症状并提出了具体方药,方便临床医生特别是非中医专业的临床医生参考使用。 针对一些公众反映核酸以及抗原转阴以后仍然有遗留症状的情况,北京中医医院院长刘清泉介绍,第十版方案非常关注核酸转阴后康复的治疗,根据奥密克戎变异株的临床特征,提出了三种状态的治疗方案:一种是针对感染后出现的乏力,同时又伴有脾胃虚弱,中药推荐用经典的六君子汤来治疗;第二种是乏力的情况下,同时容易出汗、心慌、胸闷,推荐沙参麦门冬汤、竹叶石膏汤进行治疗,能很好地缓解症状;第三种是针对咳嗽、痰少、嗓子不舒服,甚至有堵塞的感觉,推荐射干麻黄汤作为代表方进行治疗。此外,还可采用针灸以及推拿的治疗方法。(记者 金振娅) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |